At this point, brood production no longer relies on the queen's body reserves, so it would be advantageous for one queen to take over the nest. However, this relationship becomes unstable once the worker ants are produced. It is clear that this behaviour is not altruistic, as the actions of individual queens are to benefit themselves. This is advantageous to both parties as colonies are built faster and can be defended from raiders more efficiently. Multiple females of unrelated species (observed in Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae and Formicinae) will raise a colony together. New colonies of ants founded by queens are susceptible to raiding and destruction by workers of previously established colonies. One prime example of by-product benefits is in queens of unrelated ant species. In some situations, cooperation can arise from a by-product of an individual’s self-interested act. Another factor could be that parent birds invest less in raising chicks if helper birds are present so that more resources are available for future clutches.Ĭoral polyps contain tiny algae called dinoflagellates which live and photosynthesize inside the tissue By-Product Benefits This could be due to several factors for example, the presence of helper birds means that there is more intraspecific competition, and so fewer resources to allocate to eggs. Instead, it was discovered that mother birds with helpers present laid smaller eggs (5.3% smaller) with lower nutritional contents, with an average yolk size 14% smaller than yolk sacs in chicks without helper birds, and this coincided with reduced investment in eggs by mother birds. (2007) while studying the breeding strategy of these birds with helper individuals found that the presence of helpers did not lead to an increase in chick mass. One of the best-studied examples of indirect benefits is demonstrated in the Superb Fairy Wren Malurus cyaneus. In some cooperatively breeding groups, kin selection can have an indirect benefit, whereby the benefit is delayed and instead observed later in life. In these breeding arrangements, the benefit of the behaviour is direct, as cooperation in raising offspring directly impacts the survival rate of the chicks. As would be expected following the trend of kin selection, helper individuals are more inclined to assist in raising chicks that are more closely related to them. Flocks of these species have several breeding pairs and many helper individuals, which assist in feeding and raising the chicks.
Moreover, keeping them is a waste of money and spending on something inappropriate. The Arabian Babbler Turdoides squamiceps is a well-studied example of cooperative breeding strategies in bird species. It is not permissible to keep and train foxes, wolves and other predators such as lions and tigers, because there is no benefit in that, and because keeping them may lead to great harm, as there is no guarantee that they will not get loose and harm people. The result is larger offspring with a higher chance of survival, and this is due to helpers assisting in feeding.
This involves several non-breeding individuals, which assist related breeding pairs in raising their young. Kin selection is seen clearly in the cooperative breeding of closely related individuals.
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